It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Evidence from Ethiopia, Challenges and possibilities for attribution studies in developing countries: Ethiopian drought of 2015, Land fragmentation and food insecurity in Ethiopia, Early identification of land degradation hotspots in complex bio- geographic regions, Ethiopias food insecurity: Europes role within the broader context of food flows, climate change and land grabs, Effects of monoculture, crop rotation, and soil moisture content on selected soil physicochemical and microbial parameters in wheat fields, The UNDP climate change country profiles improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries, Farmers response to climate change and variability in Ethiopia: A review, A review on agricultural problems and their management in Ethiopia, Ministry of Livestock and International Livestock Research Institute. In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). Ethiopia's total export earnings by value declined by 2.3% in 2017/2018 from the previous year. Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). Majorly, it focused on the shortage of farmland, climate change, fragmentation and degradation of farmland, unevenly distributed constructions and urbanizations, pests, lack of integration among stakeholders, political instabilities, and its prospects. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. Your email address will not be published. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (1998); ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment) (2004), Source: CSA (Central Statistics Authority) (2015) and Diriba (2020), ** is statistically significant at p <0.05. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. What are the problems with agriculture in Ethiopia? Worldwide, it expenses more than 18-20 USD trillion USD annually (UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), 2019). Although industrialized agriculture has been successful in producing large quantities of food, the future of food production is in jeopardy due to problems in agriculture. The percentage share of GDP by major economic sector in the year 2010/11 was 44.7 for agriculture, 10.5 for industry and 45.5 for the service sector but these figures changed to 38.5, 15.1 and 46.3% in the year 2014/15 in the same order of the sectors [9,10]. The rapid population growth and the higher proportion of the youth are the current challenges facing Ethiopia as these younger generations are landless. The result: crop yields have shot up, growth in agriculture has averaged 7% per year over the past decade and millions of farmers have been lifted out of poverty. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). See answer. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Table 9. The rapidly growing population is a source of labor to exploit the existing resources for agricultural-sector investors. Figure 1. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . In FY 2017/2018, the United . (2010). Most of the intensive dairy farms are concentrated in and around Addis Ababa and are basically based on exotic pure bred stock. To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. Table 11. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. But increased input alone does not increase the food supply and staple crop yields, and thus farm income declines as population density increases. The author received no direct funding for this research. Lack of sustained and intergenerational commitments to transform the legal or constitutional system for millennia made the country liable. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers, mono-cropping; deforestation, soil erosion due to poor soil management practices such as over-cultivation of soils or overgrazing added to the problem. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Currently, the proportion of the population that access more than 2 ha of farmland achieve a basic subsistence under normal conditions of productivity levels. An attempt to address the problem of food shortage in moderation of prices and enhancing distribution across a globe in addition to supporting the agricultural productivity through improved technology is becoming part of the solution. Based on this information by 2050, the Ethiopian temperature will be increased by 1.72.1C than the present (Befikadu et al., 2019). But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". on What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Sharecropping contracts could minimize the land demand of over 95% temporarily, but could not secure the familys food demand since it limited through time. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Advertisement. The traditional vegetables of Ethiopia have the potential for increased production and expansion of use to areas where they are less popular or not known at all. It is also estimated that over 1.5 billion tons of soil per year are lost by erosion and flooding which could have added about 1.5 million tons of grains to the Ethiopian products (Lebeda et al., 2010). It is reported that over the last 4050years, the mean annual temperature of Ethiopia increased from 0.2C to 0.28C per decade (McSweeney et al., 2010). Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., 2014). Ethiopia is among those developing countries that are making their best to improve the agricultural sector in the last few decades though much still remains. In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). It has also plenty of groundwater (Ayalew, 2018). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The countries of the world are interconnected and a problem of a country obviously becomes a problem of the others in the interconnected world at present than ever. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum, and barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-fourths of the total area cultivated, 29 percent of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) in 2005/06 (14 percent of total GDP), and 64 percent of calories consumed (FAO . Ethiopia. Science Business. Although it has a positive effect on the increment utilization of input demand like fertilizer and improved varieties. Two of the most. In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . However, the main causes of poverty in Ethiopia are brought on by the effects of its economy revolving around agriculture. Teshome (2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. This influenced the levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets. Agriculture in Ethiopia. Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. Nachtergaele et al. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, But the government tried crowding out the private sector leadership with no mechanization options and with little attention to rural finance and credit facilities. Ethiopia s agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. A research report on land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. This will demand an additional billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to be produced annually (FAO, 2017). The deforestation rate in Ethiopia accounts for 1.25% of forest and other woodlands 1.8% annually per year (GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment), 2015). Such integration of agricultural stakeholders may improve smallholder livelihoods; shorten food supply chains and impact biodiversity through inclusive and resilient food production way. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. About 80% of Ethiopia's people work in agriculture. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The population of Sub-Saharan Africa countries projected to be doubled by 2050 (increased by 99%) (UNDESA, 2015). The sector accounts for about 10% of Ethiopias export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. Governments must ensure all policy areas, including trade, education, finance, and health in integrations. 36 likes 22,568 views. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Arable land is the most basic resource for farmers life which the majority of the energetic Ethiopians lacked or too small to use because it is divided into a number of small-sized parcels, degraded, fragmented and infertile. Vast grazing land and livestock resource (55-58%) of its total area. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The variability of food price increment occurs within a short period of time, season, and years. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? (. A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. Data on export values of major agricultural exports, exchange rate, gross domestic product and labour force were obtained from FAO, while data on total export and total import values were collected from the annual report of the National Bank of Ethiopia. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). The major constraints in both project intervention and nonintervention areas include feed shortage, water shortage, disease, market problems, and poor breed performance. Most of the Ethiopian water flows to the Western direction (69.83%), following to Eastern (33.34%) as indicated in Table 11. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Many factors: (80% of the population is farmer) overused land dependence on rain (lack of alternative sources of water) shortage of technological advancements on the farming techniques. Effects of climate variability on development of wheat rust diseases (Puccinia spp.) Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Rural aging has major implications on the rural labor force in patterns of agricultural production, land tenure, the social organization within communities, and socioeconomic development (FAO, 2017). The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). The physical potential for sharply increased agriculture is high but the obstacles for development are immense still, despite recent government attempts. What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, 2019; FTF (Feed the Future), 2018; Simane et al., 2016). Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia's Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 1. One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. While agriculture currently accounts for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions, it also offers opportunities to both fight climate change and feed more people as the world's population grows to 10 billion people by 2050. 4. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. ILRI. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Why poverty? The Labor Sorrow It was all started about the tax that laborers are shouldering. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Cultivating effective. Review, Small farms, smaller plots: Land size, fragmentation, and productivity in Ethiopia, Agricultural innovations for sustainable crop production intensification, Ethiopia: Share of economic sectors in the gross domestic product (GDP) from 2009 to 2019, Family planning and fertility: Estimating program effects using cross-sectional data, The rain doesnt come on time anymore: Poverty, vulnerability, and climate variability in Ethiopia, The impact of farm size on agricultural sustainability, Variability and trends of temperature and rainfall over three agro ecological zones in North Shewa, central Ethiopia, Review of climate change and health in Ethiopia: Status and gap analysis, The impact of agricultural extension and roads on poverty and consumption growth in fifteen Ethiopian villages, Briefing note 5 economic assessment of the costs of deforestation in South-West Ethiopia, Land degradation: A challenge to Ethiopia, Climate change and its effects on vegetation phenology across ecoregions of Ethiopia, Population growth and cultivated land in rural Ethiopia: Land use dynamics, access, farm size, and fragmentation. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). In Ethiopia, it is characterized by high-input and resource-intensive farming systems that harmoniously caused losses of important microorganisms, massive deforestation, freshwater scarcities, soil nutrient depletion, and high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and then hindered agricultural outputs (FAO, 2017). Major destinations for Ethiopia's exports in 2017/2018 were: Asia 39.8% (of which China accounted for 22.3%), Europe 28.7% and Africa 20.9%. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%).
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